When Dr. James Barry died in 1865 he had had an absolutely amazing career as a military surgeon: After obtaining his medical degree from The University of Edingburgh Medical School in 1812 he came to hold several fine posts in The British Empire. Also he stepped in to save non-military lives in the countries where he worked. One of the illnesses he targeted was leprosy, but he also performed the first recorded Caesarean Section by an European in Africa where both the mother and the child survived. Something which earned him a lot of acclaim. No doubt about it: He did very well in his profession even before he ended up in the quite high ranking position as the Inspector General of British Army hospitals. Everyone must have been in awe at this perfect career of an Irish-English gentleman, but at his death this image was torn apart by a fact that must have confused sex-role-believers of his time: A post mortem exam revealed without any doubt that "he" was in reality a "she". Biologically the distinguished doctor was a woman and not a man, although women weren't even allowed at the Medical School at the University until the year of Dr. Barry's death, and that was not because of him/her and his/her perfect career, but this also vey illustrious lady:
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Not that women by now were welcome at the university, but she did qualify as a physician by passing the Society of Apothecaries examination via a private study loophole. However, soon after this loophole was blocked to lock out other women who wanted to study Medicine. Women with "un-feminine" medical ambitions were not welcome in society, and it was a grave shock to people of that time to see that someone not-male like e.g. "Dr. James Barry" was able to have a perfect medical career although being a biological woman.
So, WHO was this highly esteemed surgeon in reality? He/She was born Margaret Ann Bulkley Ireland in 1795. It is believed that Margaret suffered a rape at a very young age, and that she may have had an illigitimate daughter who was kept secret for many years, but who moved in with her as a teenager. The indication for this theory - and it is nothing but a theory - is that the body of Dr. Barry had "stretch marks" which are typical after giving birth. And then there was the so-called "sister" who came to live with her.
So very much is a mystery in the life of this remarkable individual, and I doubt that we shall ever know the full truth. Something which also goes for several of the other women who posed as men. Some of the names we know, but there may be many more that we don't know of ....
"Dr. Barry" succeeded in hiding his/her true identity for 56 years, which is absolutely amazing. He/She must have had an iron will to start something like this and then go on and on ....
https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/how-history-keeps-ignoring-james-barry/
https://thackraymuseum.co.uk/journal/dr-james-barry-the-surgeon-defying-gender-norms/
https://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/10.1308/rcsbull.2016.396
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